Awareness is a perception or knowledge of something, often synonymous with consciousness. Awareness can exist without explicit consciousness, as seen in blindsight. Awareness is a relative concept that can refer to internal states or external events
Ancient Egyptians practiced trepanation for brain injuries and mental disorders. Hippocrates challenged heart as center of intelligence. Galen observed mental faculties lost with brain damage. Medieval Muslim world described brain-related medical problems
Flashback is involuntary re-experiencing of past experiences with strong emotions. Memory is divided into voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) processes. Flashbacks can significantly disrupt daily life in PTSD sufferers
Born in 1971 in New Mexico to Jewish parents. Graduated from Rice University in 1993 and earned PhD in Neuroscience at Baylor. Currently teaches neuroscience at Stanford University
Muscle memory is procedural memory for specific motor tasks through repetition. Research on motor skills began with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Most motor skills are acquired through practice and observation. Motor memory is not a blank slate but learned during lifetime
Aphantasia is the inability to visualize mental imagery. Affects approximately 1-4% of the population. People with aphantasia cannot form mental images of scenes or people