Reason is necessary for empirical knowledge and coherent understanding. Philosophical reasoning often leads to empty or false ideas. Reason must take on the most difficult task of self-knowledge. Metaphysics has failed to reach the three transcendental ideas
True power comes from knowledge, not physical strength. Knowledge provides permanent and stable control over events. Physical strength cannot fulfill dreams without knowledge. Knowledge means wisdom, not physical strength
Stoicism emerged in ancient Greece and Rome in the 3rd century BCE. Philosophy aims to maximize positive emotions and reduce negative ones. Three pillars: tranquility, virtue ethics, and love for humanity. Two pillars: providence (following nature) and physics (interrelated knowledge)
Athena emerged fully grown from Zeus's head after swallowing his mother Metis. She has siblings including Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Dionysus, and Hephaestus
Aristotle first used ethics to describe human living, building on Socrates and Plato's work. Ethics and politics are separate fields, focusing on individual and city-state good. Eudaimonia (well-being) is the highest human good, achieved through virtue. Virtue is practical and requires habituation, not just theoretical knowledge
Every action aims at some good, but ends vary from faculty exercise to ultimate good. Politics is the supreme art or science, governing all human life. The good is happiness, but different people define it differently. Politics prescribes necessary sciences and determines individual education