Horse anatomy consists of 12 main body systems working together. Skin makes up 12-24% of body weight and provides protection. Musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, ligaments, and joints
Each kidney contains 7-9 calyces that drain into renal pelvis. Renal pelvis has dendritic (ramified) or ampullary (direct) patterns. Wall consists of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers for urine milking
Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract. Possible pregnancy shows symptoms like missed period and fatigue. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a bacterial infection of reproductive organs. Ovulation pain occurs during midcycle as a dull cramping sensation
Tolterodine treats overactive bladder by relaxing bladder muscles. Available as tablets taken twice daily and extended-release capsules once daily. Extended-release capsules should be swallowed whole, not split or crushed
No common natural variants exist in male urethra anatomy. Pathophysiologic variants include duplication, fistulae, strictures, and valves
Ureters are tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder. Adult ureters measure 20-30 cm in length and 3-4 mm in diameter. They are lined with urothelial cells and have extra smooth muscle layer. Urine travels through ureters using peristalsis