Ideal type is a sociological concept associated with Max Weber. It represents common elements of phenomena but not all specific cases. Weber used "ideal" to refer to mental images, not perfection. Ideal types help organize chaotic social reality
Social stratification categorizes people based on socioeconomic factors like wealth and education. Modern Western societies have upper, middle, and lower classes. Stratification can be based on kinship, clan, tribe, or caste
Published in 1899 during Gilded Age, criticizing consumerism and conspicuous consumption. Based on three articles published in American Journal of Sociology between 1898-1899. Influenced by Darwin, Marx, Smith, and Spencer
Positivism asserts that all knowledge is true by definition or positive facts derived from experience. Modern positivism was first articulated by Auguste Comte in early 19th century. Comte divided sciences into five categories based on their increasing positivity
Deviance refers to actions that violate social norms, both formally and informally. Social norms vary across societies and cultures, with deviance being relative to time and place. Deviance can be positive or negative, with some behaviors still considered acceptable
USSR population grew from 86.3 million in 1870 to 266.6 million in 1981. Population increased 22% from Russia in 1913 to prewar levels by 1955. Birthrate declined from 24.9 to 17.4 per 1,000 population between 1960-1970. Life expectancy increased from 32 to 70 years between 1896-1972