Term first documented by John Bulwer in 1650. Refers to individuals rising from poverty through self-improvement. Benjamin Franklin considered greatest exemplar of self-made man
USSR population grew from 86.3 million in 1870 to 266.6 million in 1981. Population increased 22% from Russia in 1913 to prewar levels by 1955. Birthrate declined from 24.9 to 17.4 per 1,000 population between 1960-1970. Life expectancy increased from 32 to 70 years between 1896-1972
Caste system originated in ancient India and transformed by British colonial rule. System consists of varna (classes) and jati (birth-based groups). Varna includes Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Jati system emerged during Gupta Empire and is more flexible than varna
Senpai-kōhai relationship derives from Confucianism and Japanese family system. Senior members (senpai) offer assistance to junior members (kōhai). Relationship establishes hierarchical bond based on organization entry date. System emphasizes respect for authority and chain of command
Humans evolved from chimpanzees 8-4 million years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa 300,000 years ago. First behavioral modernity appeared 160,000-60,000 years ago. Humans migrated out of Africa, replacing archaic populations
Current population is 10,668,049 (July 2024 UN estimate). Population growth rate from 2019 to 2020 was 2.32%. Fertility rate is 3.61 births per woman. Median age is 22.4 years