Turkey became a secular nation-state under Atatürk's leadership in 1923. The Caliphate was abolished in 1924, replaced by the Directorate for Religious Affairs. The Turkish Constitution of 1924 replaced the 1921 version. The secularization of education and administration was implemented
Born in Salonica in 1881 to Ottoman parents, given surname Atatürk in 1934. Graduated from Ottoman Military Academy in 1902, served in various military units. Participated in Italo-Turkish War and Balkan Wars, commanded Ottoman forces in Libya. Commanded Ottoman armies during World War I, including Gallipoli and Caucasus Campaigns
Born as Mustafa to Ali Rıza Efendi and Zübeyde Hanım in Turkey. Named 'Kemal' at age 12 for academic excellence. Joined Ottoman Army and participated in Young Turk Revolution. Commanded 19th Division during World War I
Born in Salonica in 1881, Mustafa Kemal became military hero at Dardanelles in 1915. Led Ottoman Empire's liberation struggle from 1919 to 1922. Won victories against invaders across Ottoman Empire
Turkey established as a nation-state after World War I. Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası founded in 1923 under Atatürk's leadership. Republic declared on September 29, 1923, with Atatürk as first President. Caliphate abolished and Ottoman Dynasty members deported
Born in 1881 in Thessaloniki to a poor customs official and Muslim mother. Lost his father in 1888, leaving him with only Makbul and Najie. Studied at Shamsi Efendi School and military college. Graduated from Istanbul General Staff Academy in 1905