Henry I of England signed Treaty of Alton in 1101, ending Anglo-Norman succession crisis. First Norwegian king Sigurd I led crusade to Holy Land in 1107-1111. Henry V crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1111. First medieval universities founded, including Pierre Abelard's school
Constantine the Great established Constantinople as new imperial capital in 330. Christianity became official religion in late 4th century. Germanic invasions began in 376, marking Western Roman Empire's end. Theodosius I ruled until his death in 395, dividing empire permanently
First people arrived in Americas around 15,000 BC. Indigenous societies faced European colonization and diseases. Spanish explorers reached present-day US by 15th century. Dutch established New Netherland in 1621 for fur trade
19th century began January 1801 and ended December 1900. Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) pitted France against European powers. British and Russian empires expanded after Napoleon's defeat. Ottoman Empire underwent Tanzimat reforms but remained in decline
War began in 1754 over colonial disputes between Britain and France in North America. Diplomatic Revolution in 1756 led to Britain's alliance with Prussia. France allied with Austria against Prussia, Russia and Spain against Britain
Century began January 1901 and ended December 2000. World War I (1914-1918) ended with Triple Entente victory over Central Powers. World War II (1939-1945) resulted in atomic bombings on Japan. Cold War (1947-1991) saw US and USSR compete for global power. European Union formed with 15 countries by century's end