Started around 1760 in Europe, spread to US in early 1800s. Shifted from hand production to machines for increased productivity. Steam and water power were core driving factors. British textiles business initiated revolution
Switzerland's 13 cantons lacked central government and religious unity. France invaded Switzerland in 1798, occupying Bern and ending ancient confederation. Helvetic Republic established under French protection from 1798 to 1803. Constitution granted sovereignty to people and established individual rights
Published in 1776 by Adam Smith, first comprehensive political economy system. Product of 17 years of notes and observations during Industrial Revolution. Five editions published during Smith's lifetime, with major revisions after his death
First known sawmill was Roman water-powered stone mill at Hierapolis in 3rd century AD. Early sawmills used whipsaws and manual labor with two men. Water-powered mills spread across Europe by 11th century
Work is intentional activity supporting needs and desires of individuals or organizations. Work exists in all societies, from hunter-gatherers to modern technology-driven economies. All work requires specific skills, tools, and resources
First skyscrapers built between 1884-1945 in New York and Chicago. Chicago's Home Insurance Building (1885) was first true skyscraper. Technological advancements enabled iron-framed structures with deep foundations. New York pioneered tower design, Chicago focused on palazzo-style buildings