Esophagus consists of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and three muscle layers. Upper esophageal sphincter is formed by cricopharyngeal muscle at C5-C6 level. Lower esophageal sphincter prevents reflux and is located 2-4 cm below diaphragm. Normal esophageal peristalsis consists of primary and secondary contractions
Used to treat and prevent duodenal ulcers and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. FDA approved in 1982 for tablets and 1994 for suspension forms. Available in tablet and suspension forms under various brands
Barium esophagram is primary diagnostic tool for esophageal diseases. Study includes double-contrast, single-contrast, and mucosal-relief views. Double-contrast detects inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Single-contrast shows strictures and hiatal hernias
Esophageal cancer arises from the food pipe between throat and stomach. Two main types: squamous-cell carcinoma (60-70%) and adenocarcinoma (20-30%). Squamous-cell carcinoma linked to tobacco, alcohol, and hot drinks. Adenocarcinoma associated with smoking, obesity, and acid reflux
Prescription medicine containing rabeprazole sodium, a Proton Pump Inhibitor. Used to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and stomach ulcers. Available in 10mg and 20mg gastro-resistant tablets
Reflux occurs when stomach acid and food escape back into the esophagus. Affects approximately 20% of the population. Can lead to serious complications if untreated