Nucleotides consist of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. DNA contains four bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine. Nucleotides can be radiolabeled using radionuclides
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in DNA molecules. DNA contains four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. First DNA sequences were obtained in early 1970s using two-dimensional chromatography
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules crucial in all cells and viruses. Composed of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Main types are DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose). DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
Complementarity describes lock-and-key relationship between DNA/RNA structures. Nucleotides pair in specific configurations: A=T (2 bonds), G=C (3 bonds). DNA strands are antiparallel and complementary base pairs form double helix
Gene mapping identifies gene locations and distances on chromosomes. Genes serve as molecular markers for genome mapping. Maps help predict inheritance patterns of traits
Gene expression converts genetic information into functional products like proteins or RNA. All life forms use gene expression to generate macromolecular machinery. Genotype determines phenotype through protein synthesis