Gear ratio measures rotational speeds of interlocking gears. Drive gear is bigger than driven gear, drives faster. Gear ratio formula: T2/T1, where T1 and T2 are gear teeth counts
Gears are circular devices with teeth that transmit rotation across axes. Gears can change output speed by meshing teeth of different sizes. Gear ratio is calculated as input speed divided by output speed
Moment of inertia is the ratio of torque to angular acceleration about a rotational axis. It depends on both mass and its distribution relative to the axis. For point masses, it equals mass multiplied by square of perpendicular distance. For rigid systems, it is the sum of component moments of inertia
A degree of freedom is an independent parameter in a physical system. A deterministic system has six degrees of freedom. A system with rotational or vibrational motion can have more than six degrees
Solenoid converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using electromagnet. Device creates magnetic field from electric current and uses it for linear motion. Typically consists of multiturn coil surrounded by magnetic flux carrier frame
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is a vector quantity with magnitude and direction. SI unit is metre per second squared (m⋅s−2)