"Idealism" term emerged in eighteenth century philosophy. Christian Wolff first used it as classificatory term. Idealism can be defined as reducing reality to mental or conceptual elements
Space and time are mere forms of our sensible intuition of objects. Objects in space and time are appearances, not things in themselves. We can only cognize objects we can intuit, not things in themselves. Things in themselves affect us, activating our sensible faculty
Maxim is a moral rule or principle that depends on one's philosophy. Often pedagogical and motivates specific actions. Oxford Dictionary defines it as simple, memorable life guide
Categorical imperative is central to Kant's deontological moral philosophy. Introduced in 1785 Groundwork, evaluates motivations for action. Requires acting only according to universal laws that can be willed simultaneously
Transcendence means climbing or going beyond in Latin. Describes fundamental structures of being, not ontology. Grounded in reason and empirical observation
Kantian ethics applies universal moral principles regardless of context. Immanuel Kant developed categorical imperatives as moral principles. Morality depends on universal moral law, not action consequences. Actions must be based on duty and universal principles