Proles are lower-class citizens living outside Party infrastructure. They make up majority of population but have limited rights. Proles live in poverty with little access to luxuries. They are kept in subjugation and ignorance by government
World divided into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. States emerged from nuclear warfare and civil dissolution between 1945-1965. Oceania formed after US-British Empire merger, Eurasia after Soviet Union's European annexation. Eastasia established in 1960s after confusion between predecessor nations
Populism emphasizes common people against perceived elite. Term emerged in late 19th century, first used by Russian narodniki. Academic interest grew rapidly from 1950s to 2018
Nationalism holds that nation and state should be congruent. Promotes self-determination and sovereignty over perceived homeland. Builds national identity based on shared characteristics. Can be combined with conservatism or socialism
Term "man of letters" originated in 17th-18th century France. Byron first recorded "intellectual" in 1813. Term "intellectual" gained acceptance after Dreyfus affair in France. By 20th century, intellectual gained positive social prestige
Terms "left" and "right" emerged during 1789 French Revolution. Initially divided supporters of Ancien Régime on right, revolution supporters on left. After 1793, right side deserted, center became dominant. After 1794, far left excluded and seating system abolished