Nicolaus Otto created three types of internal combustion engines: compression, atmospheric, and Otto cycle. Otto encountered Lenoir's 1860 engine, which was inefficient and produced only 2 horsepower. Otto and Langen founded first engine production company in 1864
Engines use air or liquid to remove waste heat from combustion engines. Heat engines generate more power than they produce, requiring cooling. High temperatures damage engine materials and lubricants
Crosshead eliminates sideways force on piston in reciprocating engines. Allows connecting rod to move freely outside cylinder. Longitudinal dimension must match engine stroke
First lighters were converted flintlock pistols using gunpowder. Döbereiner's lamp (1823) used hydrogen gas and platinum catalyst. Ferrocerium (flint) invention in 1903 enabled modern lighter development. Zippo lighter founded by Blaisdell in 1932
Piston is a moving component in various mechanisms containing a cylinder. Transfers force from expanding gas to crankshaft in engines. Functions as valve by covering and uncovering cylinder ports
ICEs convert chemical energy into kinetic power through combustion. First commercial engine created by Étienne Lenoir in 1860. Otto engine, first modern IC, patented in 1876