Sex hormones are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate receptors. Main classes include androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. Natural sex hormones are produced by gonads, adrenal glands, or other tissues. Androgens are male hormones, while estrogens and progestogens are female hormones
Hormones are signaling molecules regulating physiology and behavior in multicellular organisms. Hormones include eicosanoids, steroids, amino acids, proteins, and gases. Hormones communicate between organs and tissues
System found in mammals, insects, snakes, fish, and some plants. Females have XX chromosomes, males have XY chromosomes. Y chromosome presence triggers male development in humans. Most species require at least one X chromosome for survival
Cofactors are non-protein compounds or metal ions required for enzyme catalysis. Cofactors can be inorganic ions or complex organic molecules called coenzymes. Coenzymes are derived from vitamins and can be prosthetic groups or cosubstrates. Many cofactors contain nucleotide AMP as part of their structure
Vasopressin is a nine-amino-acid peptide synthesized in hypothalamus. Produced by magnocellular neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Has a half-life of 16-24 minutes
Normal menstrual cycles range from 24 to 38 days. Hormonal fluctuations during puberty and perimenopause can cause irregular cycles. Pregnancy can cause irregular bleeding, especially in early stages