Liposomes are spherical artificial vesicles with lipid bilayers. Most commonly composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine. Can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes. Seven main categories based on vesicle structure
Perioperative chemotherapy has become standard treatment for resectable GC. FLOT regimen shows improved survival compared to standard ECF/ECX. Adjuvant chemotherapy recommended for stage II-III disease. MSI-H/dMMR subtype shows better prognosis with surgery alone
KRAS is a GTPase protein involved in cell growth factor signaling. Mutations in KRAS occur in approximately 90% of pancreatic cancers. KRAS mutations are more common in Caucasians and smokers
Breast cancer diagnosis begins with physical examination and symptom discussion. Imaging tests include mammograms, ultrasound, and MRI for breast tissue examination. Biopsy confirms cancer diagnosis by removing tissue sample for laboratory testing. Staging determines cancer extent, ranging from 0 (contained in duct) to 4 (spread)
BRAF mutations are DNA changes in cancer cells that can be treated with targeted therapies. BRAF gene is a proto-oncogene that becomes an oncogene when mutated. BRAF mutations are almost always acquired, not inherited
Stage 4 lung cancer has spread to distant organs. TNM classification divides stage 4 into 4a (chest spread) and 4b (distant metastasis). Five-year survival rate is 9% according to American Cancer Society