System.ArgumentNullException occurs when invalid arguments are passed to methods. It is not raised by .NET framework but by applications or libraries. It inherits from ArgumentException, which is derived from SystemException
FDIR monitors systems, identifies faults, and determines their type and location. Two approaches exist: direct pattern recognition and model-based analysis. FDI techniques are categorized as model-based and signal processing-based
Reliability testing evaluates software's ability to function under specific conditions. Reliability is the probability of proper functioning in specified environment. MTBF combines MTTF (time between failures) and MTTR (time to repair)
Checksum is a small data block derived from another for error detection. Checksums verify data integrity but not authenticity. Good checksum algorithms produce different values for small input changes
Parity bit is added to binary code to detect errors. Ensures even or odd number of 1-bits in string. Even parity sets parity bit to 1 if odd number of 1s. Odd parity sets parity bit to 1 if even number of 1s
New machines should be tested for 1-4 weeks before running indefinitely. First pass may miss major issues but usually takes several dozen hours. Full day testing recommended for daily rebooting systems