CEFR is a widely recognized framework for second language education in Europe. Framework describes language learning outcomes with action-oriented approach. Covers four language activities and four use domains. Provides shared basis for communication across Council of Europe member states
Soviet posters emerged during Proletarian Revolution to promote Communist Party. Dmitry Moor's "Have you signed up as a volunteer?" became iconic propaganda piece. Posters replaced tabloids during October Revolution and Civil War
Scouting began in 1907 with Robert Baden-Powell's first experimental camp. "Scouting for Boys" book sold over 100 million copies. Movement expanded to include Girl Guides in 1910. Cub Scouts launched in 1916, Rover Scouts in 1918
Founded in Britain in 1908 by Lieutenant General Baden-Powell. Initially aimed at boys aged 11-14/15, focusing on citizenship and outdoor skills. Boys organized into small subgroups under patrol leaders. Basic training included tracking, mapping, signaling, and first aid
Founded in Britain in 1908 by Lieutenant General Baden-Powell. Initially aimed at boys aged 11-14/15, focusing on citizenship and outdoor skills. Baden-Powell organized troops into 6-7 subgroups under patrol leaders. Basic training included tracking, mapping, signaling, and outdoor activities
Born in 1921 in Recife, Brazil, to a middle-class family. Experienced poverty and hunger from early childhood. Studied law and philosophy at University of Recife. Worked as secondary school teacher despite legal qualifications