Gene knockout involves targeted removal or inactivation of specific genes. Complete knockouts permanently inactivate genes, conditional ones allow temporary inactivation. Knockouts can be done in bacteria, yeast, fruit flies, zebrafish, and mice
Microinjection uses glass micropipette to inject substances at microscopic level. Process requires inverted microscope with 200x magnification. Two micromanipulators used to penetrate cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Used for cloning, cell biology studies, and treating male subfertility. Became common laboratory technique by 1990s
Plant breeding changes traits to improve crop quality for humans and animals. Focuses on stress tolerance, yield, quality, and processing ease. Aims to create unique crop varieties for various applications
Plant callus is unorganized parenchyma cells that form on plant wounds. Callus cultures are maintained on gel medium with specific nutrients. Callus can be classified as compact (green) or friable (white/yellow)
Blue roses are artificially created using dyes instead of natural colors. They do not exist in nature due to genetic limitations. Traditional blue roses were made by dyeing white roses. Ibn al-'Awwām al-Ishbīlī mentioned azure blue roses in 12th century Arabic book
GM crops are plants with modified DNA using genetic engineering methods. First GM crop was tobacco in 1983, commercialized in 1994. Modern techniques include gene guns, Agrobacterium, electroporation and CRISPR