Proteinogenic amino acids are incorporated into proteins during translation. There are 22 genetically encoded amino acids, including 20 standard ones. Non-proteinogenic amino acids are either not incorporated or misincorporated
tRNAs are temporary carriers of amino acids based on mRNA sequence. They are ribonucleic acids capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mRNA. Each tRNA can base pair with three mRNA nucleotides (codons). Only 1 in 10,000 amino acids are incorrectly attached to tRNA
Lethal alleles cause death of organisms carrying them. First discovered by Lucien Cuénot in 1905 studying mouse coat color. Yellow mutation in agouti gene caused unexpected 1:2 ratio of agouti to yellow mice
Genetic code translates DNA/RNA into proteins using three-nucleotide codons. Most genes use a single canonical code with 64 possible codons. Three-nucleotide codons typically specify single amino acids. Translation occurs in ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA)
Stop codons signal protein translation termination by binding release factors. Unlike start codons, stop codons alone initiate protein termination. Three different stop codons exist in standard genetic code
Codon is a three-letter sequence in RNA and DNA that codes for specific amino acids. There are three types of codons: start, stop, and normal codons. Major nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine