Forceful exhalation against closed airway, usually nose-pinching. Named after 17th-century physician Antonio Maria Valsalva. Used for medical examination and pressure equalization in various settings
Oncotic pressure is caused by plasma proteins, especially albumin, pulling fluid into capillaries. Total capillary oncotic pressure averages 28 mmHg, with albumin contributing 22 mmHg. Blood proteins cannot easily cross capillary walls, balancing fluid movement
Heart is located in mediastinum between lungs, size of fist. Divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Surrounded by pericardium sac containing fluid. Heart wall has three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Sex differences result from different chromosome complements and hormone exposure. Females have XX chromosomes, males have XY chromosomes. X-chromosome inactivation enables equal gene expression in females
Vertebrate circulatory system includes heart, blood vessels, and blood. System has two main circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Average adult contains 4.7-5.7 liters of blood
TLF is a deep investing membrane covering back muscles. Develops most in lumbar region, continuous with nuchal fascia. Divided into three layers: posterior, middle, and anterior. Attaches to vertebrae, ribs, and posterior ligaments