Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Usually oval or bean-shaped, up to 87% solitary. Associated with MEN1 and MEN4. Can present with elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels
Prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted from pituitary gland. Discovered in 1930 by Oscar Riddle, confirmed in humans in 1970. Influences over 300 processes in various vertebrates
Neurohormones are hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells into blood. Can function as neurotransmitters or local messengers. Synthesis and release are co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals
GnRH is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized in hypothalamus. Releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Synthesized from 89-amino acid preprohormone in preoptic hypothalamus. Activates its own receptor, GnRHR, to stimulate hormone production
Addison's disease is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adrenal gland hormone production. Affects about 9-14 per 100,000 people in developed world. Most common in middle-aged females
Vasopressin is a nine-amino-acid peptide synthesized in hypothalamus. Produced by magnocellular neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Has a half-life of 16-24 minutes