Dyeing applies pigments to textile materials for color and fastness. Dye molecules attach to fibers through absorption, diffusion, or bonding. Dyeing differs from printing, which applies color to localized areas
Whitewash is made from slaked lime or chalk, curing through carbonation. It has mildly antibacterial properties and can be tinted for decoration. Initially low in opacity, requiring damping down before application
Tannins are astringent polyphenolic compounds that bind to proteins. They have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000 daltons. Tannins require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and 5 phenyl groups
Rug weaving dates back to prehistoric times in Anatolia. Earliest surviving examples found in Konya, Beyşehir and Fostat from 13th century. Seljuq period (1243-1302) produced geometric patterns with small motifs
Ultramarine is a deep blue pigment made from lapis lazuli. Name means "beyond the sea" as it was imported from Afghanistan. Natural ultramarine is ten times more expensive than its source stone. Process involves grinding lapis lazuli, mixing with wax and oils. Best samples are uniform deep blue, others are paler
Annatto comes from the achiote tree native to Central and South America. The fruit is shaped like a heart with spiky hairs. The seeds are deep orange-red and can be ground into powder or oil