pH measures hydrogen ion concentration logarithmically. Pure water has pH of 7, neutral. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. One pH unit change represents tenfold difference in H+ concentration
Clearance represents drug elimination efficiency as elimination rate divided by concentration. Usually measured in L/h or mL/min, different from excretion (mg/min). Concept described by Thomas Addis at Edinburgh Medical School
Renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. Contains 10-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids. Pyramids form striped appearance from parallel nephron segments. Pyramids' apex (papilla) points inward towards pelvis
Detoxification is the removal of toxic substances from living organisms. Liver and kidneys naturally detoxify substances through redox reactions. Medical detox includes decontamination, antidotes, dialysis, and chelation therapy. Kidney and liver transplants are used for organ failure
Vasopressin is a nine-amino-acid peptide synthesized in hypothalamus. Produced by magnocellular neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Has a half-life of 16-24 minutes
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