mRNA-based vaccine developed by BioNTech and Pfizer for COVID-19 protection. Contains nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Initial two-dose regimen recommended, later extended to 42 days. First vaccine authorized for emergency use in UK in December 2020
Two vaccines approved for adults over 50: Zostavax (2006) and Shingrix (2017). Zostavax is live attenuated vaccine, Shingrix is recombinant protein subunit. Zostavax discontinued in US in November 2020
Hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B infection. First dose recommended within 24 hours of birth. Routine immunization protects over 95% of healthy people. Safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding
mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA to stimulate immune response against pathogens. mRNA is delivered through lipid nanoparticles to protect and enter cells. Vaccines can induce both cellular and humoral immunity
Edward Jenner created first smallpox vaccine, saving 20% of population. Charles Drew established America's first large-scale blood bank. Elizabeth Blackwell became first woman to receive medical degree in US. Daniel Williams performed first successful heart surgery in US
Pathogens are tiny organisms that cause diseases in the body. Main types include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Not all pathogens are harmful, some help the body