Veterinary surgery falls into orthopaedics, soft tissue, and neurosurgery categories. Specialists require one-year internship followed by three-year residency. Board certification requires passing rigorous examination
Capnography measures CO2 concentration in respiratory gases. CO2 is measured using infrared radiation and a sensor. Normal difference between arterial and expired CO2 is 4-5 mmHg
End-tidal CO2 monitoring measures carbon dioxide levels in the body. It's known as the "ventilation vital sign" for assessing breathing effectiveness. Normal CO2 range is between 35-45mmHg
Mapleson described five breathing circuits in 1954. Willis et al. added sixth circuit (F) in 1975. Systems were initially considered minor theoretical studies
Neuromuscular blocking drugs block transmission at neuromuscular junction causing muscle paralysis. Used in anesthesia to facilitate intubation and optimize surgical field. Classified into pachycurares (bulky) and leptocurares (thin)
Anesthesiology provides perioperative care before, during, and after surgery. Specialists prevent and mitigate pain using various anesthetic agents. Core requires knowledge of physiology, pharmacology, and medical physics