Line graphs require 4 paragraphs: introduction, summary, 2 detail paragraphs. Bar charts compare data in categories like marriages, education, consumer spending. Tables should be organized into 4 paragraphs with comparisons. Pie charts compare proportions of different categories. Maps show spatial relationships between features
Essay derives from French "essayer" meaning "to try" or "attempt". First described by Montaigne in 1580 as "attempts" to put thoughts into writing. Essays can be formal (serious purpose) or informal (personal, humorous)
Writing is essential for learning and research, but often overlooked in academic writing. Most self-help books focus on formal requirements rather than everyday note-taking. Writing starts with notes, not just formal documents
TOEFL writing section consists of two tasks: integrated and independent writing. Total writing time is 30 minutes, with 20 minutes for integrated and 10 minutes for academic discussion. Minimum word count required is 150-225 words for integrated writing
Introduction should grab reader's attention and explain study's purpose. Background should clearly state what is known and identify gaps in knowledge. Objective should be clearly stated and use same formulation throughout paper. Introduction should be around 1-1.5 pages long
TOEFL Writing section consists of Integrated and Independent tasks. Integrated task requires comparing lecture and passage in 20 minutes. Independent task requires expressing opinion on a topic in 30 minutes. Both tasks require minimum 300 words