Bed frame positions bed base and supports mattresses. Includes head, foot, and side rails. Most double beds require central support rail. Concept introduced between 1805 and 1815
Memory foam is made of polyurethane with open cells for air movement. Temperature-sensitive foam softens to body heat and returns to original shape. Properties controlled by network effect, pneumatic, adhesive, and relaxation forces. Density ranges from 16-80 kg/m³, with most mattresses being firm (IFD 12-16)
Futon consists of mattress (shikibuton) and duvet (kakebuton). Both elements are pliable and can be folded for storage. Traditional futons are 2-3 inches thick, sometimes up to 6 inches. Futons are traditionally laid on tatami mats measuring 1x0.5 ken
Canopy beds emerged from the need for warmth in shared rooms without central heating. Medieval European beds often featured hanging curtains to separate sleeping and living spaces. Some late medieval canopies were suspended from ceiling beams, known as "hung celour". From 16th century, ornate carved frames and expensive textiles became popular
Twin beds are standard bedding for all ages. Commonly used in children's bedrooms and guest rooms. Ideal for limited space areas. Provides independence for young children
Helix Midnight Luxe named best overall with medium-firm feel and plush pillow top. Nectar Premier excels in memory foam with deep pressure relief. DreamCloud Premier Rest offers medium-firm feel with excellent motion isolation. Leesa Sapira Chill Hybrid features cooling layers for hot sleepers