Load-bearing walls support themselves and upper elements, transferring weight to foundation. Non-load-bearing walls support only themselves and lightweight items. Removing load-bearing walls can cause serious structural damage
Bolt is externally helical threaded fastener requiring matching nut. Whitworth proposed standardization in 1841, Crystal Palace construction enabled it. British standard adopted in 1905
Rebar strengthens concrete structures by increasing tensile strength. Steel and concrete have similar thermal expansion coefficients. Rebar surfaces feature ribs for better concrete bonding. Carbon steel is most common type, stainless steel and composites available
Bending describes slender structural elements under perpendicular loads. Beams have length much longer than width and thickness. Shells have equal length and width, smaller thickness. Bending can occur locally in all objects without qualifier
Twin Towers were world's tallest buildings when opened in 1973. Towers used innovative framed tube design with 40% less steel. Fireproofing was deficient, with significant insulation damage from aircraft impacts
International, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science and engineering. Ranked Q2 in Engineering and Civil, Q1 in Architecture. Impact Factor 3.1 (2023), 5-Year Impact Factor 3.2 (2023). Manuscript review takes 15.3 days, publication acceptance in 2.7 days