Shipping industry contributes significantly to air, water, acoustic and oil pollution. Ships account for 18-30% of nitrogen oxides and 3% of greenhouse gas emissions. Annual sea shipment growth averaged 4% since 1990s. Shipping enjoys substantial tax privileges contributing to emissions growth
First version passed in 1914 after Titanic sinking. Current version (SOLAS 1974) entered force in 1980. Treaty requires flag states to ensure ship compliance with safety standards. As of April 2022, 167 contracting states cover 99% of global merchant ships
States have territorial, national, and international jurisdiction over vessels. Flag states have primary jurisdiction over vessels in international waters. Port State Control has jurisdiction over vessels and crew in ports
Port State Control aims to eliminate unsafe ships through harmonized inspection procedures. Flag States primarily responsible for ensuring ship compliance with international conventions. Shipowners/operators primarily responsible for compliance, flag States for enforcement
Ballast water has been used since steel-hulled ships for stability. First invasive species recognition occurred in North Sea in 1903. Problem became global concern in late 1980s
Convention aims to prevent transfer of harmful aquatic organisms through ship ballast water. Applies to ships flying flag of Parties and operating under their authority. Excludes ships not designed for ballast water or warships on government service