ICH Q3C provides global framework for evaluating and controlling pharmaceutical impurities. Guidelines focus on residual solvents in pharmaceutical products. Stability testing ensures product quality remains within acceptable parameters
CAS No 471-34-1, white powder with pH 8.0. Melting point 800°C, decomposes on heating. Insoluble in water, hygroscopic. Used only for laboratory, industrial and professional use
Toxins are naturally occurring poisons produced by living cells or organisms. They can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins. Toxins vary in toxicity from minor to potentially fatal. They can be classified as exotoxins (excreted) or endotoxins (released during bacterial lysis)
Sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) is a white crystalline, odorless solid. Contains sodium cations and oxalate anions. Decomposes above 290°C into sodium carbonate and carbon monoxide
Thiomersal was patented by Morris Kharasch in 1927 and marketed by Eli Lilly. Used as antiseptic and antifungal agent in vaccines, medical products, and skin tests. Forty to fifty times more effective than phenol against Staphylococcus aureus
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi. Major sources include A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. Found in cereals, nuts, and oilseeds worldwide. Wheat, oats, and barley are resistant to aflatoxin contamination