Ptosis is eyelid drooping, can be unilateral or bilateral. Acquired ptosis develops later in life, congenital at birth. Lid lag is delayed eyelid movement during downward gaze. No race or gender predilection
Palpebral fissure is the area between open eyelids. Upper lid covers superior limbus when eyes are open. Lower lid lies within 1 mm of inferior limbus. Lateral canthus is 5-7 mm medial to orbital margin. Medial canthus contains lacrimal lake and plica semilunaris
Exophthalmos refers to protrusion of one or both eyes. Most common in adults due to thyroid orbitopathy. Children's unilateral exophthalmos often caused by orbital cellulitis
Orbital decompression treats exophthalmos by removing or thinning orbital walls. Most common indication is thyroid eye disease affecting 25-50% of Graves' patients. Procedure can be customized based on severity and functional requirements
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition causing thyroid gland inflammation. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. The body attacks thyroid tissue as foreign, leading to hypothyroidism
Thyroid gland is located below Adam's apple, wrapped around trachea. Produces hormones regulating metabolism, heart rate, and temperature. Uses iodine to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)