Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. Disease presents in four stages: primary, secondary, latent and tertiary. Primary stage shows painless skin ulceration called chancre. Secondary stage causes rash and mucous membrane sores. Latent stage has no symptoms and can last years
Edward Jenner discovered smallpox immunity through cowpox vaccination in 1796. Variolation, a natural inoculation method, was practiced before modern vaccines. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced variolation to England in 1721
First dentists were barbers in China and France. Ambroise Paré established barber surgeons' status in France. Pierre Fauchard published first scientific dentistry textbook in 1728. First dental school established in 1840s. First dental X-ray discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895
Syringe is a reciprocating pump with plunger fitting in cylindrical barrel. Used for injections, intravenous therapy, and measuring liquids. Modern medical syringes are plastic due to single-use safety. Hypodermic syringes prevent air embolism by tapping before injection
Panacea means any remedy claimed to cure all diseases and prolong life. Named after Greek goddess Panacea, daughter of Asclepius. Ancient Greeks and Romans described various plants called panacea. Cahuilla people used elephant tree sap as panacea
Tobacco was used by indigenous peoples in Americas for 12,300 years. Native Americans used it for trade, ceremonies, and traditional medicine. Europeans discovered tobacco through Columbus's voyages in 1533