German Empire ended with Emperor William II's abdication in November 1918. Friedrich Ebert became chancellor after Maximilian's resignation. Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed German republic from Reichstag balcony. Freikorps suppressed leftist revolts, including murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Founded in 1919 as resistance organization under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Became political party in 1923, establishing modern Turkey. Party's logo features Six Arrows representing Kemalism's principles
Social democracy supports gradual, reformist approach to achieving limited socialism. Advocates for mixed economy with state regulation and welfare programs. Promotes universal access to public services and social equality. Connects strongly with trade unions and labor movement
Yale professor Linz identifies three main types: democracies, totalitarian regimes, and authoritarian regimes. Plato categorized five regimes: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. Modern classification includes monarchies as standalone or hybrid systems
Both systems reject capitalism and advocate wealth equality. Both require public control of means of production. Socialism allows capitalism in some parts of economy
Labour Party combines social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. Conservative Party (Tories) is a centre-right party. Green Party of England and Wales was founded in 2018