Earliest lieder were courtly love songs by minnesingers. Minnesingers used modal scales and virile, small leaps. Important minnesingers included Walther von der Vogelweide and Tannhäuser
Beethoven lived during a period of transition from Classical to Romantic music. Aristocratic decline and political changes affected musicians' social status. Composers previously gained success through court patronage
Romantic music emerged in Western Classical music during 19th century. Movement emerged in reaction to Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment norms. Hoffmann established principles of musical Romanticism in 1810
Released in 1990, directed by Mahesh Bhatt, starring Rahul Roy and Anu Aggarwal. First installment in the Aashiqui series, established music careers of Nadeem-Shravan. Soundtrack album sold 20 million units, becoming best-selling Bollywood album. Won 4 Filmfare Awards, including sweep in music categories
Born in Munich in 1864 to court orchestra horn player father. Started composing at age six, studied philosophy at Munich University. Became main conductor of Meiningen orchestra in 1885