Genes are DNA chains that produce proteins via mRNA. Genes consist of promoter region, introns, and exons. DNA replication, transcription, and translation create proteins
Polysome is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule. First described as "ergosomes" in 1963 by Warner, Knopf, and Rich. Forms during elongation phase when ribosomes synthesize polypeptides
Gene expression converts genetic information into functional products like proteins or RNA. All life forms use gene expression to generate macromolecular machinery. Genotype determines phenotype through protein synthesis
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines found in all cells for protein synthesis. Consists of small (30S) and large (50S) subunits containing rRNA and proteins. First observed by George Palade in 1950s as dense particles
Genetic code translates DNA/RNA into proteins using three-nucleotide codons. Most genes use a single canonical code with 64 possible codons. Three-nucleotide codons typically specify single amino acids. Translation occurs in ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA)
Protein synthesis involves transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA, which contains codons for amino acids. Ribosomes translate mRNA codons into amino acids using tRNAs. Non-essential amino acids are synthesized from metabolic intermediates