First inhabitants migrated north 10,000 BC following ice sheet retreat. Agricultural settlements appeared around Oslofjord 5,000-4,000 BC. Viking Age began with raids and colonization across seas. Christianity completed in 11th century, Nidaros became archdiocese
Saudi Arabia led petroleum exports in 2022. Russia and Iraq followed as major exporters. United States, Canada and UAE were other significant exporters. Saudi Arabia had largest US dollar oil export value
OPEC was established in 1960 by five founding members in Baghdad. Organization restructured global oil production away from Anglo-American "Seven Sisters". By 1970s, OPEC members controlled over half of world's oil production
Global crude oil imports reached $1.359 trillion in 2023. Imports grew 27.2% from $1.068 trillion in 2019. Top five importers accounted for 60.1% of total spending
Global oil demand growth slowed to 0.7% in 2023 due to energy efficiency and economic headwinds. Brent crude oil prices surged to over $80 per barrel in 2022. US emerged as net exporter for first time in decades through shale technology
Natural resources are raw inputs used in manufacturing. Renewable resources include solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy. Nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels have finite reserves