Eye tracking measures gaze points and eye movements relative to head. First studies in 1800s using direct observations. Edmund Huey built first contact lens-based eye tracker. Guy Thomas Buswell developed first non-intrusive eye-trackers
SIPS was introduced in 1991 for Volvo 700, 900 and 850 series. System consists of reinforced lower sill panel and honeycomb door reinforcements. Driver and passenger seats mounted on transverse steel rails
Frontal-impact tests involve vehicles striking concrete walls or other vehicles. Moderate overlap tests assess partial front impact with barriers. Small overlap tests evaluate 15-20% of vehicle structure at high speeds. Side-impact tests have high fatality risk due to limited crumple zones. Pole-impact tests place large forces on small vehicle side portions
Service brakes must be applied when starting engine to prevent unexpected movement. Vehicle should not be left running with engine running unless all safety precautions are taken. Retarder should be disabled on wet or slippery roads
Determines horizontal burning rate of interior materials in vehicles and machinery. Based on US-FMVSS 302 test procedure for motor vehicle safety. Applies to road vehicles, tractors, and agricultural machinery
Euro NCAP evaluates electric vehicles across various safety categories. Ratings cover adult, child, and vulnerable road user protection. System evaluates vehicle's ability to withstand impacts and whiplash. Ratings include both standard and advanced safety features. Ratings cover various vehicle classes including family, fleet, and commercial vehicles