Forest is defined as land with trees over 5 meters and canopy cover over 10%. Global forests cover 4.06 billion hectares, 31% of Earth's land area. 45% of forests are in tropical latitudes, followed by subarctic and temperate zones
FSC was founded in 1993 as a global non-profit organization promoting responsible forest management. Created as response to global deforestation concerns in 1980s. Has around 1200 members including NGOs and major companies
Wood industry involves forestry, logging, timber trade and product production. Largest producers are among forest owners. Integrated businesses cover entire forestry-processing-trading spectrum
Spruce is a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees. Mature trees reach 20-60m height with whorled branches and conical form. Distinguished by four-sided needles and cones without protruding bracts. Needles shed 4-10 years old, leaving rough branches
FSC certifies wood harvested from responsibly managed forests. Wood is carbon-negative and uses minimal fossil fuels. FSC is an international non-profit organization setting forestry standards
Journal covers Sustainability, Sustainable development, and Environmental economics. Sustainability research includes Tourism, Environmental planning, and Marketing. Most cited papers focus on groundwater levels and forest management