White, odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water at 1.59 g/cm³. Sweet taste. Characteristic caramel odor when heated
Crystal is a solid with atoms arranged in definite pattern. Solids must maintain shape longer than viscous fluids. Basic units are atoms or molecules with electron shells
Volatility describes how readily a substance vaporizes or condenses. High volatility means more likely to exist as vapor, low volatility as liquid/solid. Volatility is measured using vapor pressures or boiling points. Vapor pressure indicates how readily condensed phase forms vapor
Liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid with constant volume but no fixed shape. Made up of vibrating particles held together by intermolecular bonds. Only state with definite volume but no fixed shape. Density is higher than gas but lower than solid
Micelles are aggregates of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules in liquid. Hydrophilic heads contact solvent, hydrophobic tails form core. Micelles can be spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, or bilayer-like. Formation requires surfactant concentration above critical micelle concentration
Water (H2O) is a bent molecule with bond angle of 104.5°. Lewis structure shows two sigma bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. Valence bond theory predicts sp3 hybridization with 109.5° bond angle