A cradle of civilization is a location where civilization developed independently. Civilization requires state, social stratification, urbanization and writing systems. Six main cradles identified: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Peru, Mexico
Shara was the tutelary deity of Umma, corresponding to modern Tell Jokha. His name might derive from Akkadian "šārum" meaning "wind". Initially associated with Ninura, later with Usaḫara or Kumulmul. Considered Inanna's son in Umma, with unknown father
Lagash was located 22 km east of modern Al-Shatrah, Iraq. State included Lagash, Girsu, and Nina cities. Significant occupation began in Early Dynastic I period (2900-2600 BC). Peak occupation reached 500 hectares during Early Dynastic III (2500-2334 BC)
Civilization requires writing system, government, surplus food, division of labor, and urbanization. Mesopotamia is considered the 'cradle of civilization'. First civilizations include Indus Valley (7000-600 BCE), Sumerian (6000-1750 BCE), and Egyptian (6000-30 BCE)
Ziggurats were monumental structures built in Mesopotamia for worship of gods. First built by Sumerians during Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE). Purpose was to elevate priests to heaven for divine worship. Built of sun-dried mud bricks with no internal chambers
Founded by King Enmerkar around 4500 BCE in southern Sumer. Birthplace of writing around 3200 BCE. Known as Erech in Aramaic, possibly derived from modern Iraq name. First true city in world and hub of trade and administration