Liberalism emphasizes individual rights, liberty, and equality before the law. John Locke is credited with founding liberalism based on social contract theory. Liberalism advocates limited government, private property, and market economies
French aristocrat and diplomat born in 1805, great-grandson of guillotine victim Malesherbes. Served in French parliament from 1839 to 1851, initially on center-left. Married Mary Mottley in 1835, had no children despite hopes for family
Series of revolutions occurred from 1848 to 1849 across Europe. Started in Italy in January 1848, affecting over 50 countries. Initially democratic and liberal, aimed at removing monarchical structures
Liberalism emerged from ancient Greek philosophy and Chinese Taoist philosophy. John Locke established modern liberalism with consent of the governed principle. Glorious Revolution in 1688 established first modern liberal state
Centrism represents moderate political positions between left and right. Supports gradual political change through welfare state and redistribution. Commonly associated with liberalism, radical centrism, and agrarianism
Born in 1632 in England, Locke studied medicine at Oxford and became Lord Ashley's physician. Fled to Netherlands in 1683 under suspicion of involvement in Rye House Plot. Returned to England in 1689, publishing major works including Two Treatises and Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Died in 1704, never married or had children