First fume hoods were wooden and glass structures in early 1900s. Modern designs use epoxy powder-coated steel and flame-retardant plastics since 1970s. Fume hoods typically enclose six sides with movable sash windows. Most common dimensions are 1000-2000mm width, 700-900mm depth, 1900-2700mm height
Crucibles originated in Eastern Europe and Iran around 6th/5th millennium BC. Early crucibles were shallow clay vessels heated from above. Chalcolithic crucibles featured handles and pouring spouts. Roman crucibles evolved into conical vessels heated from below. Medieval crucibles became larger, reaching 60 cm for bell production
Petri dish was invented by Robert Koch in 1881 as precursor method. Julius Petri made final modifications in 1887 at Berlin University. Koch's method used agar medium developed by Walther Hesse. Petri's dish eliminated transfer steps and reduced contamination risk
Named after German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, invented in 1860. Has flat bottom, conical body, and cylindrical neck. Can be made from glass or plastic in various volumes. May have beaded lip or ground glass for labeling
Test tubes are finger-like glass or plastic tubes with open tops and closed bottoms. Chemistry tubes typically range from 10-20mm wide and 50-200mm long. Most chemical tubes are made of glass for heat resistance. Tubes often feature flared lips and ground glass markings
Pipettes are laboratory tools for measuring and transferring small amounts of liquid. Hold pipette vertically with tip not touching bottom. Depress plunger to first position, dip tip, then release slowly. Press plunger down again to expel liquid. Angle tip 45 degrees against container side