Multiverse is hypothetical set of all universes containing all physical phenomena. Concept dates back to ancient Greek philosophers like Anaximander. William James first used term "multiverse" in 1895
Ionization is the process of atoms gaining or losing electrons to form ions. Ions can be produced through collisions with particles, radiation, or radioactive decay. Negative ions form when free electrons are trapped in electric potential barriers. Positive ions result from transferring energy to bound electrons
Classical mechanics studies forces acting on bodies and particle motion. Thermodynamics examines energy transfer and temperature changes. Electromagnetism investigates electron behavior and light interactions
A degree of freedom is an independent parameter in a physical system. A deterministic system has six degrees of freedom. A system with rotational or vibrational motion can have more than six degrees
Einstein's 1905 Annus Mirabilis papers laid foundation for modern physics. Explained Brownian motion, confirming existence of atoms and molecules. Determined Avogadro's number through statistical atomic behavior analysis
Anders Celsius introduced Celsius temperature scale in 1744. Daniel Fahrenheit created first accurate thermometer in 1736. Michael Faraday discovered electricity and magnetism in 1831. Pierre Curie discovered radioactivity in 1898. Marie Curie won Nobel Prize in 1903 for radioactivity