Charles' law states that gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature at constant pressure. Jacques Charles proposed this law in 1780, named after him by Joseph Gay-Lussac. Charles conducted experiments in 1787 showing similar gas volume increases at 80°C
R represents the gas constant in the ideal gas law equation PV=nRT. The SI unit for R is J K^-1 mol^-1. The value of R is usually 8.314 J/mol
Ideal gas law equation PV = nRT relates pressure, volume, moles, and temperature. The ideal gas constant R is 0.0821 atm L/mol K. R value is determined through extensive experimental measurements
Graham's law states that gas diffusion rate is inversely proportional to square root of molecular weight. Heavier gases diffuse more slowly than lighter ones. Law applies only to molecular effusion through holes, not diffusion between gases
Torricelli's 1643 experiment demonstrated mercury support in inverted tube. Boyle independently studied air elasticity in 1662. Mariotte independently found air volume-temperature dependency in 1676
Gas constant (R) is the proportionality constant in ideal gas law. Ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles. R is also known as universal, ideal and molar gas constant. Constant appears in multiple laws unrelated to gases