Iliac crest is curved bony border at top of ilium bone. Located at L4 vertebra of lumbar spine. Contains rich bone marrow supply for bone marrow transplants. Attached to various abdominal and core muscles
Bone grafts are used before dental implants when jawbone is too weak. Three main types: allograft (donor bone), autograph (patient's own bone), and alloplastic (mineral). Socket grafts are performed after tooth extraction, healing takes 6 months. Block grafts are used when immediate socket graft isn't possible. Sinus lifts may be performed with bone grafts to protect sinus cavity
The fibula is the smaller bone of the leg, running posterolateral to the tibia. It consists of head, neck, shaft and distal malleolus. The lateral malleolus is longer and larger than the medial malleolus
Bone formation involves collagen secretion and hydroxyapatite crystal formation. Bone grafting requires osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. Autogenous grafts are gold standard but limited in availability
Alveolar process contains tooth sockets on maxilla and mandible. Composed of compact bone with numerous blood vessel openings. Terminates along mandibular canal and is covered by gums. Contains lamina dura lining around tooth roots
Nacre is an organic-inorganic composite material produced by molluscs. Composed of hexagonal aragonite platelets arranged in parallel lamina. Forms from tiny particles growing into hexagonal crystals. Secreted by epithelial cells of mantle tissue