JVD causes bulging of veins in neck due to blood backup in heart. Always concerning sign of cardiovascular problems, even without pain. Requires immediate medical care
HDL is one of five major lipoproteins, containing 80-100 proteins per particle. HDL particles enlarge while circulating, transporting up to hundreds of fat molecules. HDL is smallest lipoprotein, ranging from 5 to 17 nm in size. HDL contains cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with plasmenyl group at sn-2 position. Found in multiple life domains including mammals, invertebrates and bacteria. Common in cell membranes of nervous, immune and cardiovascular systems. Human heart contains 30-40% plasmalogens, brain 20%, myelin sheath 70%
Left subclavian arises directly from aortic arch, right from brachiocephalic artery. Left subclavian is 9 cm long, right is 6 cm long. Divided into prescalene, scalene, and postscalene parts. Gives off five major branches: vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical, costocervical, dorsal scapular
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by heart per minute. CO equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Normal resting CO for 70 kg person is about 5 L/min. Oxygen delivery equals CO multiplied by blood oxygen content
SVC is a 24mm diameter vein returning deoxygenated blood to right atrium. Located in anterior right superior mediastinum. Formed by left and right brachiocephalic veins behind first right costal cartilage. No valve divides SVC from right atrium