Treats clinically significant hyponatremia in heart failure and SIADH. Not for urgent neurological symptom treatment. Not for ADPKD outside FDA-approved REMS
Loop diuretic used to treat edema in heart failure, liver scarring, and kidney disease. Approved in 1964, listed on WHO's Essential Medicines list. Available as generic medication in US, 24th most prescribed in 2022. Used in horses for preventing exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
First artificial heart implanted by Vladimir Demikhov in 1938. First operational mechanical heart used by Forest Dewey Dodrill in 1952. Willem Kolff implanted first artificial heart in dog in 1957
RAAS controls blood pressure through vasoconstriction and fluid/sodium reabsorption. Activated by sympathetic nervous system, carotid baroreceptors, or renal detection. Sympathetic stimulation causes renin release from juxtaglomerular cells
Edema is swelling of soft tissues due to increased interstitial fluid. Can be generalized or local, appearing suddenly or gradually. Causes few symptoms except occasional tightness or fullness. Edema location varies based on patient's activity level
CHF occurs when heart can't pump enough blood to body. Two main types: systolic (weak heart) and diastolic (stiff heart). About 6.7 million Americans diagnosed with CHF