Medicinal plants have been used since prehistoric times. Sumerians documented hundreds of medicinal plants including opium around 3000 BC. Dioscorides' "De materia medica" documented over 1000 medicinal recipes in 60 AD. Islamic Golden Age saw extensive herbal knowledge preservation in Baghdad
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Discovered in 1940s, first reported in 1948. Structure consists of four fused rings with various functional groups
Modified-release delivers drugs with delay or prolonged duration. Sustained-release maintains constant drug concentration over time. Extended-release includes sustained-release (SR) and controlled-release (CR)
Antivirals treat viral infections and are part of the antimicrobials class. Most antivirals are harmless to the host and target specific viruses. Natural virucides are produced by plants like eucalyptus and Australian tea trees
ICH Q9 focuses on science-based and risk-based quality approaches. Quality risk evaluation should link to patient protection. Quality Risk Management process should match risk level
Bioavailability measures active substance absorption from dosage forms to systemic circulation. Bioequivalence establishes equivalent performance between products containing same active substance. Essentially similar products must be bioequivalent unless safety/efficacy differs