Testicles produce sperm and testosterone in scrotum below anus. Penis has root, shaft, and glans with spines for ovulation stimulation. Internal reproductive parts include epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Prokinetic agents like trimebutine stimulate digestive tract motility. ACG guidelines showed significant symptom reduction with 12.8-week NNT. Acotiamide showed 29% risk reduction for PDS subtype in FD patients
Excretory system removes waste materials from body fluids for homeostasis. Eliminates metabolic waste and drains body components in liquid and gaseous states. Most waste products leave body as urine in mammals and amniotes
Gram-positive coccus found in female genital tract and perineum. Causes 10-20% of community-acquired UTIs. Recognized as cause of UTIs in early 1970s
System consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys filter blood through nephrons to remove waste products. Each kidney is 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, weighing 120-170g
Urethra is a thin tube carrying urine from bladder to outside body. Male urethra is 7-8 inches long, divided into prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts. Female urethra is 1.5 inches long, located between clitoris and vagina. Urethra has three layers: fibroelastic, submucosal, and epithelial